Page 6 - 2021 Policy Watch
P. 6
icy Watch: Brief Analysis of the Intellectual Property Sections of Three Influential International Trade Agreements and one Bilateral Trade Agreement
1. Introduction to CPTPP 1. 浠嬬粛CPTPP
In 2005, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore and Bru- 2005骞存櫤鍒┿€佹柊瑗垮叞銆佹柊鍔犲潯鍜屾枃鑾卞洓鍥藉崗璁�
nei initiated the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agree- 鍙戣捣璺ㄥお骞虫磱浼欎即鍏崇郴锛屽垵姝ョ璁簡鈥滆法澶钩娲�
ments, and initially signed the Trans-Pacific Strate- 鎴樼暐缁忔祹浼欎即鍏崇郴鍗忚鈥濓紙浠ヤ笅绠€绉扳€淭PSEP鈥�
gic Economic Partnership Agreement (hereinafter, 锛�3锛屾棬鍦ㄤ績杩涗簹澶湴鍖虹殑璐告槗鑷敱鍖栥€�2009骞�
鈥淭PSEP鈥�)3 that aimed to promote trade liberalization 鏃朵换缇庡浗鎬荤粺濂ュ反椹甯冪編鍥藉皢鍙備笌浠PSEP涓�
in the Asia-Pacific region. In 2009, former U.S. Presi- 鍩虹鐨勮法澶钩娲嬩紮浼村崗璁紙浠ヤ笅绠€绉扳€淭PP鈥濓級
dent Barack Obama announced that the United States 璋堝垽銆�2010骞�3鏈�15鏃ワ紝TPP棣栬疆璋堝垽鍦ㄦ境澶у埄
would participate in negotiations of the TPSEP-based 浜氬ⅷ灏旀湰涓捐锛屽弬涓庤皥鍒ょ殑鍏�8涓垚鍛橈細缇庡浗銆�
Trans-Pacific Partnership (hereinafter, 鈥淭PP鈥�). On 鏅哄埄銆佺椴併€佽秺鍗椼€佹柊鍔犲潯銆佹柊瑗垮叞銆佹枃鑾卞拰婢�
15th March 2010, the initial negotiations of the TPP 澶у埄浜氥€傚皵鍚庯紝鏃ユ湰銆佸ⅷ瑗垮摜銆侀煩鍥界浉缁у甯冨姞
were held in Melbourne, Australia, with participation 鍏PP璋堝垽銆備絾鐢变簬缇庡浗鍐呴儴瀵筎PP鍒嗘杈冨ぇ锛�
of eight members: the United States, Chile, Peru, Viet- 2017骞存椂浠荤編鍥芥€荤粺鍞愮撼寰封€㈢壒鏈楁櫘绛剧讲琛屾斂鍛�
nam, Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei and Australia. 浠わ紝缇庡浗閫€鍑篢PP锛岃浆鑰屽姹備笌鍚勪釜鍥藉绛剧讲鍙�
Later, Japan, Mexico and South Korea subsequently 杈硅锤鏄撳崗璁€傜編鍥介€€鍑哄悗锛屾棩鏈瓑鍏朵綑鍗佷竴涓浗
announced their joining the TPP. However, due to 瀹剁户缁帹杩汿PP璋堝垽锛屽苟鏈€缁堢缃叉柊鐨勮嚜鐢辫锤鏄�
great differences inside the US about the TPP, pursu- 鍗忓畾CPTPP銆�
ant to an executive order signed by former U.S. Presi-
dent Donald Trump in 2017, the U.S. withdrew from CPTPP鎴愬憳鍥界粡娴庢€婚噺鐨勫叏鐞冨崰姣旂敱锛堢編鍥借繕娌�
the TPP negotiations, and instead; the U.S. sought to 閫€鍑哄崗鍟嗘椂鐨勶級40%缂╁噺涓�13%锛屼负浜嗛『鍒╁疄鏂芥柊
conclude separate bilateral trade agreements with each 鍗忓畾锛孋PTPP闄嶄綆浜嗙敓鏁堥棬妲涳紝鍒犻櫎浜嗗師TPP涓�
country. After the exit of the U.S., Japan and 10 other 鍒嗕箣涓€鐨勫師濮嬫枃鏈紝鎼佺疆浜嗕笌缇庡浗鏈夊叧鐨�22椤规潯
countries continued to move forward with the TPP 娆撅紝鍏朵腑鎼佺疆鐨�11鏉′笌鐭ヨ瘑浜ф潈鏈夊叧4銆傚垹鍑忓悗鐨�
negotiations and eventually signed a new free trade CPTPP铏界劧鍦ㄧ粡娴庤妯″拰鎴樼暐褰卞搷鍔涗綆浜嶵PP锛屼絾
agreement, the CPTPP. 鍦ㄥ浗闄呯粡璐歌鍒欎笂渚濈劧瓒呰秺褰撳墠鎵€鏈変簹澶湴鍖烘墍
鏈夊叾浠栬嚜鐢辫锤鏄撳崗璁殑瑕嗙洊鑼冨洿鍙婄煡璇嗕骇鏉冨拰鍏�
The total economic aggregate of the CPTPP member 浠栬锤鏄撹鍒欑殑鏍囧噯锛屾槸涓€涓叿鏈夐泟蹇冦€佸叏闈€€侀珮
states accounts for 13% of the global economic aggre- 鏍囧噯鐨勫尯鍩熻锤鏄撳崗瀹氾紝鏈夊姪浜庨檷浣庤锤鏄撳鍨掞紝鍔�
gate, decreased from 40% when the US participated in 蹇尯鍩熺粡娴庝竴浣撳寲锛屼互淇冭繘涓栫晫璐告槗銆�
the negotiation. In order to successfully implement the
new agreement, CPTPP reduced the requirements of 涓浗姝ｅ湪璋嬫眰鍔犲叆CPTPP銆備腑鍥藉晢鍔￠儴鍓儴闀垮吋
the agreement, removed 1/3 of the original TPP text, 鍥介檯璐告槗璋堝垽鍓唬琛ㄧ帇鍙楁枃浜�2021骞�2鏈�24鏃ユ浘閫�
and set aside 22 clauses related to the US, including 闇蹭腑鍥藉凡缁忓唴閮ㄥCPTPP鐨勬墍鏈夋潯娆捐繘琛岃瘎浼般€�
11 clauses related to intellectual property4. Although 鐮旂┒鍜屾繁鍏ョ殑鍒嗘瀽锛屽苟涓斿拰CPTPP鍗佷竴涓垚鍛樹腑
鐨勪竴浜涙垚鍛樿繘琛屼簡闈炴寮忔帴瑙︼紝涔熻鍒掑拰鍏朵粬鎴�
3 TPSEP became effective in New Zealand and Singapore on
1st May 2006, and in Chile and Brunei on 1st July 2009. 3 TPSEP浜�2006骞�5鏈�1鏃ュ鏂拌タ鍏板拰鏂板姞鍧＄敓鏁堬紝浜�2009
4 Including the relevant clauses on national treatment, pro- 骞�7鏈�1鏃ュ鏅哄埄鍜屾枃鑾辩敓鏁堛€�
tected subject matters, terms of protection and measures of protection. 4 鍏蜂綋鍐呭鍖呭惈鍥芥皯寰呴亣鏉℃鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氥€佷繚鎶ゅ璞＄殑鐩�
For example, the principle of national treatment shall be applied on the
copyright of works, performance or phonograms and the fees for use of 鍏宠瀹氥€佷繚鎶ゆ湡鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氬拰淇濇姢鎺柦鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氥€備緥濡傦紝
the relevant rights thereof. For example, the patentable subject matters
include new uses of a known product, new methods of using a known 灏嗗浗姘戝緟閬囧師鍒欏簲鐢ㄤ簬鍖呮嫭浣滃搧銆佽〃婕斾互鍙婂綍闊冲埗鍝佺殑鐗堟潈
product, and new processes of using a known product. In compliance
with the relevant rules, patents are available for inventions that are 鍜岀浉鍏虫潈鍒╃殑浣跨敤璐广€備緥濡傦紝鍙巿浜堜笓鍒╃殑瀹綋鑼冨洿锛氬凡鐭�
derived from plants. As for biologics, the terms of protection as of the
first marketing approval and the time of protection are provided. For 浜у搧鐨勬柊鐢ㄩ€斻€佷娇鐢ㄥ凡鐭ヤ骇鍝佺殑鏂版柟娉曚互鍙婃柊宸ュ簭銆傚湪閬靛畧
example, the term of protection of pharmaceutical product is 5 or 8
years, and the term of protection of new effects, new formulation or new 鐩稿叧瑙勫垯鐨勫墠鎻愪笅锛屼笓鍒╁彲浠ユ巿浜堟簮鑷鐗╃殑鍙戞槑銆傚鐢熺墿
鍒跺墏鍦ㄧ紨绾︽柟棣栨涓婂競鐨勪繚鎶ゆ湡鍜屼繚鎶ゆ椂闂存彁渚涗簡鏄庣‘鐨勮
鏄庛€備緥濡傦紝鑽搧鐨勪繚鎶ゆ湡涓�5鎴�8骞达紝鑽搧鏂版晥鐢ㄣ€佹柊閰嶆柟鎴�
鏂扮粰鑽柟娉曚负3骞淬€傚杞芥湁鍔犲瘑鑺傜洰鐨勫崼鏄熷拰鏈夌嚎鐢佃淇″彿
鐨勪繚鎶ゃ€傚杩濆弽鐩稿叧鏉℃鐨勮涓哄畾涓虹姱缃涓猴紝骞剁粰浜堝垜浜�
澶勭綒锛屽浜庡埄鐩婄浉鍏宠€呮彁渚涙皯浜嬫晳娴庛€�
6
1. Introduction to CPTPP 1. 浠嬬粛CPTPP
In 2005, Chile, New Zealand, Singapore and Bru- 2005骞存櫤鍒┿€佹柊瑗垮叞銆佹柊鍔犲潯鍜屾枃鑾卞洓鍥藉崗璁�
nei initiated the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agree- 鍙戣捣璺ㄥお骞虫磱浼欎即鍏崇郴锛屽垵姝ョ璁簡鈥滆法澶钩娲�
ments, and initially signed the Trans-Pacific Strate- 鎴樼暐缁忔祹浼欎即鍏崇郴鍗忚鈥濓紙浠ヤ笅绠€绉扳€淭PSEP鈥�
gic Economic Partnership Agreement (hereinafter, 锛�3锛屾棬鍦ㄤ績杩涗簹澶湴鍖虹殑璐告槗鑷敱鍖栥€�2009骞�
鈥淭PSEP鈥�)3 that aimed to promote trade liberalization 鏃朵换缇庡浗鎬荤粺濂ュ反椹甯冪編鍥藉皢鍙備笌浠PSEP涓�
in the Asia-Pacific region. In 2009, former U.S. Presi- 鍩虹鐨勮法澶钩娲嬩紮浼村崗璁紙浠ヤ笅绠€绉扳€淭PP鈥濓級
dent Barack Obama announced that the United States 璋堝垽銆�2010骞�3鏈�15鏃ワ紝TPP棣栬疆璋堝垽鍦ㄦ境澶у埄
would participate in negotiations of the TPSEP-based 浜氬ⅷ灏旀湰涓捐锛屽弬涓庤皥鍒ょ殑鍏�8涓垚鍛橈細缇庡浗銆�
Trans-Pacific Partnership (hereinafter, 鈥淭PP鈥�). On 鏅哄埄銆佺椴併€佽秺鍗椼€佹柊鍔犲潯銆佹柊瑗垮叞銆佹枃鑾卞拰婢�
15th March 2010, the initial negotiations of the TPP 澶у埄浜氥€傚皵鍚庯紝鏃ユ湰銆佸ⅷ瑗垮摜銆侀煩鍥界浉缁у甯冨姞
were held in Melbourne, Australia, with participation 鍏PP璋堝垽銆備絾鐢变簬缇庡浗鍐呴儴瀵筎PP鍒嗘杈冨ぇ锛�
of eight members: the United States, Chile, Peru, Viet- 2017骞存椂浠荤編鍥芥€荤粺鍞愮撼寰封€㈢壒鏈楁櫘绛剧讲琛屾斂鍛�
nam, Singapore, New Zealand, Brunei and Australia. 浠わ紝缇庡浗閫€鍑篢PP锛岃浆鑰屽姹備笌鍚勪釜鍥藉绛剧讲鍙�
Later, Japan, Mexico and South Korea subsequently 杈硅锤鏄撳崗璁€傜編鍥介€€鍑哄悗锛屾棩鏈瓑鍏朵綑鍗佷竴涓浗
announced their joining the TPP. However, due to 瀹剁户缁帹杩汿PP璋堝垽锛屽苟鏈€缁堢缃叉柊鐨勮嚜鐢辫锤鏄�
great differences inside the US about the TPP, pursu- 鍗忓畾CPTPP銆�
ant to an executive order signed by former U.S. Presi-
dent Donald Trump in 2017, the U.S. withdrew from CPTPP鎴愬憳鍥界粡娴庢€婚噺鐨勫叏鐞冨崰姣旂敱锛堢編鍥借繕娌�
the TPP negotiations, and instead; the U.S. sought to 閫€鍑哄崗鍟嗘椂鐨勶級40%缂╁噺涓�13%锛屼负浜嗛『鍒╁疄鏂芥柊
conclude separate bilateral trade agreements with each 鍗忓畾锛孋PTPP闄嶄綆浜嗙敓鏁堥棬妲涳紝鍒犻櫎浜嗗師TPP涓�
country. After the exit of the U.S., Japan and 10 other 鍒嗕箣涓€鐨勫師濮嬫枃鏈紝鎼佺疆浜嗕笌缇庡浗鏈夊叧鐨�22椤规潯
countries continued to move forward with the TPP 娆撅紝鍏朵腑鎼佺疆鐨�11鏉′笌鐭ヨ瘑浜ф潈鏈夊叧4銆傚垹鍑忓悗鐨�
negotiations and eventually signed a new free trade CPTPP铏界劧鍦ㄧ粡娴庤妯″拰鎴樼暐褰卞搷鍔涗綆浜嶵PP锛屼絾
agreement, the CPTPP. 鍦ㄥ浗闄呯粡璐歌鍒欎笂渚濈劧瓒呰秺褰撳墠鎵€鏈変簹澶湴鍖烘墍
鏈夊叾浠栬嚜鐢辫锤鏄撳崗璁殑瑕嗙洊鑼冨洿鍙婄煡璇嗕骇鏉冨拰鍏�
The total economic aggregate of the CPTPP member 浠栬锤鏄撹鍒欑殑鏍囧噯锛屾槸涓€涓叿鏈夐泟蹇冦€佸叏闈€€侀珮
states accounts for 13% of the global economic aggre- 鏍囧噯鐨勫尯鍩熻锤鏄撳崗瀹氾紝鏈夊姪浜庨檷浣庤锤鏄撳鍨掞紝鍔�
gate, decreased from 40% when the US participated in 蹇尯鍩熺粡娴庝竴浣撳寲锛屼互淇冭繘涓栫晫璐告槗銆�
the negotiation. In order to successfully implement the
new agreement, CPTPP reduced the requirements of 涓浗姝ｅ湪璋嬫眰鍔犲叆CPTPP銆備腑鍥藉晢鍔￠儴鍓儴闀垮吋
the agreement, removed 1/3 of the original TPP text, 鍥介檯璐告槗璋堝垽鍓唬琛ㄧ帇鍙楁枃浜�2021骞�2鏈�24鏃ユ浘閫�
and set aside 22 clauses related to the US, including 闇蹭腑鍥藉凡缁忓唴閮ㄥCPTPP鐨勬墍鏈夋潯娆捐繘琛岃瘎浼般€�
11 clauses related to intellectual property4. Although 鐮旂┒鍜屾繁鍏ョ殑鍒嗘瀽锛屽苟涓斿拰CPTPP鍗佷竴涓垚鍛樹腑
鐨勪竴浜涙垚鍛樿繘琛屼簡闈炴寮忔帴瑙︼紝涔熻鍒掑拰鍏朵粬鎴�
3 TPSEP became effective in New Zealand and Singapore on
1st May 2006, and in Chile and Brunei on 1st July 2009. 3 TPSEP浜�2006骞�5鏈�1鏃ュ鏂拌タ鍏板拰鏂板姞鍧＄敓鏁堬紝浜�2009
4 Including the relevant clauses on national treatment, pro- 骞�7鏈�1鏃ュ鏅哄埄鍜屾枃鑾辩敓鏁堛€�
tected subject matters, terms of protection and measures of protection. 4 鍏蜂綋鍐呭鍖呭惈鍥芥皯寰呴亣鏉℃鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氥€佷繚鎶ゅ璞＄殑鐩�
For example, the principle of national treatment shall be applied on the
copyright of works, performance or phonograms and the fees for use of 鍏宠瀹氥€佷繚鎶ゆ湡鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氬拰淇濇姢鎺柦鐨勭浉鍏宠瀹氥€備緥濡傦紝
the relevant rights thereof. For example, the patentable subject matters
include new uses of a known product, new methods of using a known 灏嗗浗姘戝緟閬囧師鍒欏簲鐢ㄤ簬鍖呮嫭浣滃搧銆佽〃婕斾互鍙婂綍闊冲埗鍝佺殑鐗堟潈
product, and new processes of using a known product. In compliance
with the relevant rules, patents are available for inventions that are 鍜岀浉鍏虫潈鍒╃殑浣跨敤璐广€備緥濡傦紝鍙巿浜堜笓鍒╃殑瀹綋鑼冨洿锛氬凡鐭�
derived from plants. As for biologics, the terms of protection as of the
first marketing approval and the time of protection are provided. For 浜у搧鐨勬柊鐢ㄩ€斻€佷娇鐢ㄥ凡鐭ヤ骇鍝佺殑鏂版柟娉曚互鍙婃柊宸ュ簭銆傚湪閬靛畧
example, the term of protection of pharmaceutical product is 5 or 8
years, and the term of protection of new effects, new formulation or new 鐩稿叧瑙勫垯鐨勫墠鎻愪笅锛屼笓鍒╁彲浠ユ巿浜堟簮鑷鐗╃殑鍙戞槑銆傚鐢熺墿
鍒跺墏鍦ㄧ紨绾︽柟棣栨涓婂競鐨勪繚鎶ゆ湡鍜屼繚鎶ゆ椂闂存彁渚涗簡鏄庣‘鐨勮
鏄庛€備緥濡傦紝鑽搧鐨勪繚鎶ゆ湡涓�5鎴�8骞达紝鑽搧鏂版晥鐢ㄣ€佹柊閰嶆柟鎴�
鏂扮粰鑽柟娉曚负3骞淬€傚杞芥湁鍔犲瘑鑺傜洰鐨勫崼鏄熷拰鏈夌嚎鐢佃淇″彿
鐨勪繚鎶ゃ€傚杩濆弽鐩稿叧鏉℃鐨勮涓哄畾涓虹姱缃涓猴紝骞剁粰浜堝垜浜�
澶勭綒锛屽浜庡埄鐩婄浉鍏宠€呮彁渚涙皯浜嬫晳娴庛€�
6
